The following are illustrative examples of explanatory power. T. If I were trying to give you a better causal understanding of it, you would probably expect me to tell you something about the chain of eventsthe family history or career decisionsthat led him to Illinois. WebIntrospection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. Premise 1 is probably true. a. instinct theory Recall, from Chapter 13, that larger margins of error make it much more probable that the conclusion of an inductive generalization is true; there is a much greater chance that between 50 percent and 60 percent of the voters favor Jones than there is that exactly 55 percent of them do. Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science? structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism. Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States? Those desperate to discredit a good explanatory argument might misuse this guideline. Proponents of the paranormal seized on them as new evidence of visitations from other galaxies; said one Patrick Delgado, author of several profitable books on the subject: No human being could have done this. My wife claims she doesnt know what happened to it. WebExploratory research: Definition. After much research, he found that comets with similar orbits had also been observed in 1530 and in 1606. Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first. WebQuestion: Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? Alternative explanation that already exists. e. a and c, Which of the following is not an explanation put forth to explain athletes' aggressive behavior? Newtons theories, for example, while applied here to Halleys comet, actually cover the motion of all objects at all times. \, 4,83,169,3227,-4,-\frac{8}{3},-\frac{16}{9},-\frac{32}{27}, \ldots Which of the following statements is NOT one of their recommendations? With total restriction of fluids, death follows in 24 hours. But in an Oregon State University study that was replicated several times, wild frog eggs were placed in 72 cages, some with filters that let all sunlight inside except UV radiation. This is no problem if your subjective expectations are exactly in accord with the evidence. So the outcome probably would be true even if the gods explanation were false, and the argument is logically extremely weak. Higher expectations by teachers and by themselves causes students to perform better. It makes no statement with respect to causation. To illustrate how this strategy is related to the prior epistemic probability of the outcome, suppose I propose the following fanciful explanation: I am bewitched, so that gravity has no affect on me whatsoever; the only reason I am able to walk around on the ground is because of magical shoes that counteract the bewitchment when I wear them. The fact remains that she tossed heads, on demand, five times in a row, but you now realize that coincidence is at least as good an explanation as talentafter all, how many people can actually toss heads whenever they want?and you are likely to lose interest. A hypothesis is a tentative explanation . A later investigation showed that there was indeed a correlation between TM and warmer weather, but an even stronger correlation between TM and the preceding afternoons forecast of warmer weather for the next day. WebA hypothesis is a potential answer to the question, one that can somehow be tested. . b. For each of the passages below, (i)state the observable outcome and (ii)offer a different observable outcome that would rule out alternative explanations and lower its probability, thus making the argument logically stronger. General explanations are typical of science, though are not restricted to it. But when, having slept in the car, your friend says, This water boiled quickly, so we must be well above sea level, this is offered as a reason to believe that we are well above sea level. The explanationthat he was a Marine sergeantcomes next. Immediately penalize spectators for aggressive acts. To test for this, there are several questions that can require yes answers. Which of the following choices correctly describes a double-blind test? Look for deception as an alternative explanation. If vitamin C helps prevent colds, then the group taking vitamin C has substantially fewer colds than the group taking the placebo. This result can be explained by the fact that because the teachers expected them to do well, their perceptions of each students ability rose and those childrens own self-image was enhanced. David Lewis and James Greene, Thinking Better. Sit down before fact as a little child, be prepared to give up every preconceived notion, follow humbly wherever and to whatever abysses nature leads or you shall learn nothing. Unfortunately, there is no formula for calculating the prior probability of the observable outcome. Muluple Choice Young women purchase fewer meats than women who are 35 years of age or older. Science85. A statement that enables us both to predict and to better understand the cause of that which it explains. A hypothesis that proposes a lack of relationship between two factors. a person's unconscious. The magazine reporting it is reliable, and there is no reason to distrust it in this case. Deduce what? said he, petulantly. The problem in all of these cases is that the explanation does no work. (The Vitamin C example is similar; one reason that researchers have not worked harder at collecting evidence for the theory is because it is unclear how it would work. a person's unconscious. Nevertheless, smart people suffer lapses of rationality and allow themselves to be persuaded that a man like Uri Geller has special powers because he can perform feats that any practiced illusionist can performand can detect. More precisely, the condition is that the prior probability of the observable outcome must be sufficiently low. As a consequence of organisms' ability to reproduce and of evolutionary change, populations may become better adapted to their environments. Scientists were right to reject these formerly offbeat views until they could make good sense of them, and they will be right to reject the paranormal, ancient astronauts, and homeopathic medicine until they can also make good sense of them. An alternative explanation is that Jones was hearing the word enormous, which sounds like simone backwards and occurs frequently in the speeches (and probably does not pose any danger to national security). This hypothesis is not necessarily the right explanation. Clearly an army doctor, then. But where the two species competed for seeds, one evolved a beak suited for the small seeds, while the other developed a beak for the large seeds. So-called crop circles in southern Englands grain fields were widely reported in the media a few years ago. For both general and singular explanations, ask whether this sort of explanation makes sensethat is, whether there is a satisfactory conceptual framework for it and whether it is more satisfactory than the alternatives. UNIVERSAL PRESS SYNDICATE. In a scientific trial, some participants are given a pill that looks identical to a pill that contains the active ingredient being studied in the trial, but contains no active ingredient itself. A) experiential method B) scientific method C) intuitive process D) strategic management process E) account planning philosophy B) scientific method The simplicity test, as explained here, is related to the makes-sense test. The achievement is all the more remarkable when you consider that the mysterious sculptors created their masterpiece millennia before the existence of their subject. A. What is the MOST IMPORTANT flaw in this investigation? Rabinoff.). Which of the following statements is true of an explanatory Waitdont tell meyour dog ate it, right?, Judge to scofflaw: So, my papers show that you failed to pay 48 separate parking tickets. If you were to design an experiment to test whether a particular pathogen caused a disease, which of the following choices would be the first step and which the last step you would make if you followed the scientific method precisely? The International Society of Sport Psychology developed a position paper on aggression in sport. Could you find out for me which five days that man is on the road? A form that cannot pull any of the load in a deductive argument may nevertheless pull a share of the load in an inductive one. I have had many thousands of dreamsmost of which I have immediately forgotten, in part because they have not come true. Relatives gather close to the victim, wailing, chanting, and covering the victim with a funeral cloth. First American psychologist. Observable outcome: An image looking like the outline of the Virgin Mary was seen on the wall of a house. It was all those asthma medications that I didnt need, she said. In short, coincidence has not been ruled out, so we cannot judge this to be a logically strong argument. Far worse than the plumber explanation from Dear Abby, it requires a long list of independently improbable things all to be truealternative ways, for example of accounting for the following: the vast documentation rescued from the German Archives; the elaborate sealed rooms set up for funneling the prisoners to their deaths; the movement of enormous quantities of asphyxiating Xyklon B gas to the death camps; the photographs of mounds of bodies; the vast body of eyewitness testimony by both victims and their murderers; and the otherwise mysterious disappearance from history of millions of Jews. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. b. punching an umpire because he made a bad call, "Good aggression" (playing within the rules with high intensity) is known in sport psychology as, Instrumental aggression is aggression occurring, b. in the quest of some nonaggressive goal, A linebacker intends to hurt and injure any receiver who catches a ball over the middle. The second part of the total evidence condition for explanatory arguments is this: the probability of the explanation must not be implausibly low and must be higher than that of the leading alternative explanations. No one can even begin to provide an account of the conceptual framework, of the causal mechanisms, that would make sense of it. A(n) ________ is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment. e. a and c, a. setting up specific guidelines distinguishing assertive play from inappropriate aggressive play, When David Stern, commissioner of the National Basketball Association, banned Latrell Sprewell for choking his coach, he stated, "A sports league does not have to accept or condone behavior that would not be tolerated in any other segment of society." Which of the following is an example of an objective measure used by functionalists? Ive really slimmed down. Carl Hempel, The Philosophy of Natural Science. While waiting for my clothes to dry, I slipped into a robe hanging on a hook in the bathroom, and I must have thoughtlessly put my pipe into the pocket. c. Use officials who do not tolerate aggression of any kind on the field. If hes her father, then he will go to great lengths to take care of her. For the observable outcome of premise 2 is something that we would fully expect, even if the explanation were false. The oracle tended to utter solemn pronouncements of a very unspecific sortfor example, I see grave misfortune in your future. It was almost inevitable that such a vague prediction would come true. During an episode of wheezing, they found that the vocal cords, which are located in the airway leading to the lungs, formed almost a complete barricade across the passage. d. irreverent When it did come true, it was often counted as reason to believe that the oracle had special powers. Taken from the DEAR ABBY column by Abigail Van Buren. Hypotheses are guesses; theories are correct answers. Which occurs more frequentlyburglars or butterfingers? Explanatory Impotence Explanatory impotence is the opposite of explanatory power. In another example, continental drift initially was reasonably rejected as the explanation for the striking biological and geological similarities between continents that are widely separated by oceans because there was no known mechanism for the drift. In science, theories tend to be ___________ than hypotheses. You might be impressed until you learn that I asked all 30 students in my class to stand up and try to toss heads. Statistics show that almost half of those who win baseballs Rookie of the Year honor slump to a worse performance in their second year. 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