Cecil Rhodes and Charles Rudd followed, with their Gold Fields of South Africa company. [7] The discoveries of diamonds and gold in the nineteenth century had a profound effect on the fortunes of the region, propelling it onto the world stage and introducing a shift away from an exclusively agrarian-based economy towards industrialisation and the development of urban infrastructure. [202] The Africanists broke away from the ANC to form the Pan-Africanist Congress and its military wing named Poqo, which became active mainly in the Cape provinces. Abebe (Amharic origin) meaning "flower". This was accomplished after several years of negotiations, when the South Africa Act 1909 consolidated the Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal, and Orange Free State into one nation. The cash-strapped post-apartheid government was obliged to repay this debt or else face a credit downgrading by foreign financial institutions. [212] The dissolution of the Soviet Union in the late-1980s meant the African National Congress (ANC) in alliance with the South African Communist Party, could no longer depend on the Soviet Union for weaponry and political support. [251] As of 18 July, over 3,400 people had been arrested, while as of 22 July, 337 people had died in connection with the unrest.[252]. They saw this as the best way to come to terms with the fact of a white Afrikaner majority, as well as to promote their larger strategic interests in the area. It authorised the forced evictions of thousands of African people from urban centres in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) to what became described colloquially as "Bantustans" or the "original homes", as they were officially referred to, of the black tribes of South Africa. Following the defeat of the Boers in the AngloBoer or South African War (18991902), the Union of South Africa was created as a self-governing dominion of the British Empire on 31 May 1910 in terms of the South Africa Act 1909, which amalgamated the four previously separate British colonies: Cape Colony, Colony of Natal, Transvaal Colony, and Orange River Colony. [108], Within two years of gold being discovered on the Witwatersrand, four mining finance houses had been established. In 2007, less than half the protests were associated with some form of violence, compared with 2014, when almost 80% of protests involved violence on the part of the participants or the authorities. Kaiser Wilhelm's government arranged for the two Boer Republics to purchase modern breech-loading Mauser rifles and millions of smokeless gunpowder cartridges. [19] The incident was widely criticised by the public, civil society organisations and religious leaders. In the southeastern part of South Africa, Boer settlers and the Xhosa clashed along the Great Fish River, and in 1779 the First Xhosa War broke out. In further research at the Blombos cave in 2002, stones were discovered engraved with grid or cross-hatch patterns, dated to some 70,000 years ago. [80], The increasing economic involvement of the British in southern Africa from the 1820s, and especially following the discovery of first diamonds at Kimberley and gold in the Transvaal, resulted in pressure for land and African labour, and led to increasingly tense relations with Southern African states.[40]. Some members of the Torch Commando subsequently became leading figures in the armed wing of the banned African National Congress. The first modern humans are believed to have inhabited South Africa more than 100,000 years ago. Friction between the Griquas and the settlers over land rights resulted in British troops being sent to the region in 1845. Frere, on his own initiative, without the approval of the British government and with the intent of instigating a war with the Zulu, had presented an ultimatum on 11 December 1878, to the Zulu king Cetshwayo with which the Zulu king could not comply. Afrikaner settlers in particular were loath to live under Moshoesoe's authority and among Africans.[84]. It replaced the flag that had been used since 1928, and was chosen to represent multiculturalism and ethnic diversity in the country's new, post-apartheid democratic society. The small initial group of free burghers, as these farmers were known, steadily increased in number and began to expand their farms further north and east into the territory of the Khoikhoi. It was an independent and internationally recognised nation-state in southern Africa from 1852 to 1902. Eventually, van Riebeeck and the VOC began to make indentured servants out of the Khoikhoi and the San. 30. [4] The Dutch East India Company established a trading post in Cape Town under the command of Jan van Riebeeck in 1652,[5] European workers who settled at the Cape became known as the Free Burghers and gradually established farms in the Dutch Cape Colony.[6]. On the night of 23/24 May 1842 British colonial forces attacked the Voortrekker camp at Congella. Moshoeshoe was under the impression he was loaning grazing land to the settlers in accordance with African precepts of occupation rather than ownership, while the settlers believed they had been granted permanent land rights. Means "nation" in Xhosa. The four expeditions Gordon undertook between 1777 and 1786 are recorded in a series of several hundred drawings known collectively as the Gordon Atlas, as well as in his journals, which were only discovered in 1964. In 1845, a treaty was signed between the British colonists and Moshoeshoe, which recognised white settlement in the area. In 1854, it was granted its first locally elected legislature, the Cape Parliament. The trade union movement was divided. No firm boundaries were drawn between the area of white settlement and Moshoeshoe's kingdom, which led to border clashes. Freeman can also be an African American or Jewish name. Like a window into their day-to-day life, South African census records can tell you where and how your ancestors worked, their level of education, veteran status, and more. Hetherington, Penelope. [172][173], South African security forces during the latter part of the apartheid era had a policy of destabilising neighbouring states, supporting opposition movements, conducting sabotage operations and attacking ANC bases and places of refuge for exiles in those states. Under the leadership of a former slave named Adam Kok, these "coloureds" or Basters (meaning mixed race or multiracial) as they were named by the Dutcha word derived from baster, meaning "bastard"[68]started trekking northward into the interior, through what is today named Northern Cape Province. 78. [24], The British explorers David Livingstone and William Oswell, setting out from a mission station in the northern Cape Colony, are believed to have been the first white men to cross the Kalahari desert in 1849. [167] The attacks were then falsely attributed by the government to "black-on-black" or factional violence within the communities. In early South Africa, European notions of national boundaries and land ownership had no counterparts in African political culture. [153] The AWB leader Eugne Terre'Blanche was murdered by farm workers on 3 April 2010. John Murray. 2. The . Magombo Swahili, African, Swazi (Rare) Meaning unknown, possibly related from the fore name of the same name. The Government of National Unity lapsed at the end of the first parliament sitting in 1999, with the ANC becoming the sole party in power while maintaining a strategic alliance with the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and the South African Communist Party. Smiths created objects of iron, copper and gold both for local decorative use and for foreign trade. [122], The AngloBoer War affected all ethnic groups in South Africa. [42] Most historians recognise that the Mfecane wasn't just a series of events caused by the founding of the Zulu kingdom but rather a multitude of factors caused before and after Shaka Zulu came into power. This Second AngloBoer War, also known as the South African War lasted longer than the first, with British troops being supplemented by colonial troops from Southern Rhodesia, Canada, India, Australia and New Zealand. 36. The commission charged by agents was the same as the payment for one slave, thus those settlers only claiming for one slave would receive nothing. Following Lord Carnarvon's successful introduction of federation in Canada, it was thought that similar political effort, coupled with military campaigns, might succeed with the African kingdoms, tribal areas and Boer republics in South Africa. Gill: Gill is a Punjabi surname. In March 1858, after land disputes, cattle rustling and a series of raids and counter-raids, the Orange Free State declared war on the Basotho kingdom, which it failed to defeat. Ledwaba Southern African, South African, Zulu From Zulu meaning "rock". In 1872, after a long political struggle, it attained responsible government with a locally accountable executive and Prime Minister. The effectiveness of the police in foiling the planned coup strengthened public perceptions that the post-1994 democratic order was irreversible. [65], By 1893, when the lawyer and social activist Mahatma Gandhi arrived in Durban, Indians outnumbered whites in Natal. Specifics of the contact between Bantu-speakers and the indigenous Khoisan ethnic group remain largely unresearched, although linguistic proof of assimilation exists, as several southern Bantu languages (notably Xhosa and Zulu) are theorised in that they incorporate many click consonants from the Khoisan languages, as possibilities of such developing independently are valid as well. Most of the bodies were dumped in unmarked graves. The rebel leaders were prosecuted, fined heavily and sentenced to imprisonment ranging from six to seven years. This facilitated purchases of munitions and food in the United States and neutral countries. [72] East Griqualand was subsequently annexed by Britain in 1874 and incorporated into the Cape Colony in 1879. [121] [98], By the 1870s and 1880s the mines at Kimberley were producing 95% of the world's diamonds. [197], From the 1940s to the 1960s, anti-apartheid resistance within the country took the form mainly of passive resistance, influenced in part by the pacifist ideology of Mahatma Gandhi. When the war ended, Smuts represented South Africa in San Francisco at the drafting of the United Nations Charter in May 1945. A succession of wars were conducted between the Boers and the Basotho for the next 10 years. Their South African National Party, later known as the South African Party or SAP, followed a generally pro-British, white-unity line. The Freeman surname origin was from the person who was a freeman, one who was not a serf and thus had certain rights. As punishment to the Basotho, the governor and commander-in-chief of the Cape Colony, George Cathcart, deployed troops to the Mohokare River; Moshoeshoe was ordered to pay a fine. It accelerated the formation of several new nation-states, notably those of the Sotho (present-day Lesotho) and the Swazi (now Eswatini (formerly Swaziland)). Pages in category "Afrikaans-language surnames" The following 148 pages are in this category, out of 148 total. 27. The monarchy came to an end on 31 May 1961, replaced by a republic as the consequence of a 1960 referendum, which legitimised the country becoming the Republic of South Africa. [240][241], The post-apartheid period has been marked by numerous outbreaks of xenophobic attacks against foreign migrants and asylum seekers from various conflict zones in Africa. The weaker and less-skilled Dingaan became king, relaxing military discipline while continuing the despotism. Kruger reacted by forming an alliance with the neighbouring Boer republic of Orange Free State. To Moshoeshoe the BaSotho chieftain from Lesotho, it was customary tribute in the form of horses and cattle represented acceptance of land use under his authority. The South African Institute of Race Relations estimated in 2008 that 800,000 or more white people had emigrated since 1995, out of the approximately 4,000,000 who were in South Africa when apartheid formally ended the year before. By June 1900, Pretoria, the last of the major Boer towns, had surrendered. Britain had allocated the sum of 1 200 000 British Pounds as compensation to the Dutch settlers, on condition the Dutch farmers had to lodge their claims in Britain as well as the fact that the value of the slaves was many times the allocated amount. Lesotho, South Africa Kolobe Wild Hog Free State Bagananwa/Bahananwa Sesotho sa Leboa: South Africa Tshwene Baboon Bahurutshe, Limpopo Bahlakoana Sesotho Lesotho, South Africa Free State, Koena, families descending from Disema and Molapo, second and third born sons of Napo a Koena. 3. Today middle names are common among people with a Catholic, Protestant, Islamic or South Asian background. This name was adopted in the 17th century by Wesselius Praetorius as a Latin translation of his previous surname Schulte. [134] The South African government issued no war service medal to the black servicemen and the special medal issued by King George V to "native troops" that served the Empire, the British War Medal in bronze, was disallowed and not issued to the SANLC. Elphick, Richard; Giliomee, Hermann (eds. Search US census records for South African, View all South African immigration records, Do not sell or share my personal information. Just as he had done in 1919, Smuts urged the delegates to create a powerful international body to preserve peace; he was determined that, unlike the League of Nations, the UN would have teeth. Discover the meaning of the South African name on Ancestry. [161] Apartheid South Africa reacted to the UN arms embargo by strengthening its military ties with Israel, and establishing its own arms manufacturing industry with the help of Israel. [158], In the aftermath of the 1976 Soweto uprising and the security clampdown that accompanied it, Joint Management Centres (JMCs) operating in at least 34 State-designated "high-risk" areas became the key element in a National Security Management System. "Women in South Africa: the historiography in English.". [24] The free burghers were ex-VOC soldiers and gardeners, who were unable to return to Holland when their contracts were completed with the VOC. On 23 October 1984 the UN Security Council endorsed this formal determination. Religion was a very important aspect of the settlers culture and the bible and church services were in Dutch. About three thousand Zulu warriors died in the clash known historically as the Battle of Blood River.[81][82]. [28] The VOC also brought some 71,000 slaves to Cape Town from India, Indonesia, East Africa, Mauritius, and Madagascar.[29]. The Apartheid Convention, as it came to be known, was adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 1973 with 91 member states voting in favour, four against (Portugal, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States) and 26 abstentions. Others said it was not relevant to the struggle for their rights. [114] The decision was made to start importing Chinese indentured labourers who were prepared to work for far less wages than local African labourers. [24] Others, now known as the SothoTswana peoples (Tswana, Pedi, and Sotho), settled in the interior on the plateau known as the Highveld,[24] while today's Venda, Lemba, and Tsonga peoples made their homes in the north-eastern areas of present-day South Africa. [139][140], About 334,000 South Africans volunteered for full-time military service in support of the Allies abroad. It was inhabited by Australopithecines since at least 2.5 million years ago. In 1878, Waterboer led an unsuccessful rebellion against the colonial authorities, for which he was arrested and briefly exiled.[76]. Both sides adopted scorched-earth tactics, with large swathes of pasturage and cropland being destroyed. Some groups, ancestral to today's Nguni peoples (the Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, and Ndebele), preferred to live near the eastern coast of what is present-day South Africa. Tau m Southern African, Tswana, Sotho. He appealed to the British for help against Ndlambe, who retaliated in 1819 during the Fifth Frontier War by attacking the British colonial town of Grahamstown. Most of the deaths occurred between 1992 and 1993, after South African and Cuban involvement had ended. The territory of the South African Republic became known after this war as the Transvaal Colony.[54]. The provision of ARV treatment resulted in 100,000 fewer AIDS-related deaths in 2011 than in 2005. Meanwhile, the British, who viewed their defeat at Majuba as an aberration, forged ahead with their desire to federate the Southern African colonies and republics. The uprising spread throughout the country. [77][78] To European settlers in Southern Africa, the same form of tribute was believed to constitute purchase and permanent ownership of the land under independent authority. [157], Although many important events occurred during this period, apartheid remained the central pivot around which most of the historical issues of this period revolved, including violent conflict and the militarisation of South African society. The language law caused friction, distrust and dissatisfaction. In 1874, Henry Bartle Frere was sent to South Africa as High Commissioner for the British Empire to bring such plans into being. 'The quantitative Cape: A review of the new historiography of the Dutch Cape Colony', South African Historical Journal 66.1, 2014, pp. In addition to being a standalone name, Ade is also a diminutive form of other names that begin with Ade. Among the obstacles were the presence of the independent states of the South African Republic and the Kingdom of Zululand and its army. [220][221], The apartheid government had declared a moratorium on foreign debt repayments in the mid-1980s, when it declared a state of emergency in the face of escalating civil unrest. Origin: Tswana, Southern African Meaning: Blessed one, blessings Alternative Spellings & Variations: Sego Famous Namesakes: Masego Ntshingane, Botswanan athlete Peak Popularity: Masego isn't a very popular name in the United States. [87] Faced with starvation, Moshoeshoe signed a peace treaty on 15 October 1858, though crucial boundary issues remained unresolved. [145], The early-1940s saw the pro-Nazi Ossewa Brandwag (OB) movement become half-a-million strong, including future prime minister John Vorster and Hendrik van den Bergh, the future head of police intelligence. This caused further dissatisfaction among the Dutch settlers. The same legislation applied also to South West Africa over which South Africa had continued after World War I to exercise a disputed League of Nations mandate. [36] This had the effect of forcing more of the Dutch colonists to move (or trek) away from British administrative reach. 83,000 Blacks and 2,500 Coloureds and Asians also served in either German South-West Africa, East Africa, the Middle East, or on the Western Front in Europe. Johnson: This surname is a patronymic of John. Van Riebeeck considered it impolitic to enslave the local Khoi and San aboriginals, so the VOC began to import large numbers of slaves, primarily from the Dutch colonies in Indonesia. The Coloured element was generally supportive and many served in a Coloured Corps in East Africa and France, also hoping to better themselves after the war.[131]. 77. One of our 3 capital cities is also . The General Assembly had already suspended South Africa from the UN organisation on 12 November 1974. Pretorius Southern African, Afrikaans From Latin praetor meaning "leader". [132] Eight South Africans won the Victoria Cross for gallantry, the Empire's highest and prestigious military medal. Meaning: Spirit. The United Nations Security Council on 6 May 1978 condemned South Africa for the attack. Hint: Try searching for a relative alive in 1940. When the British refused, Kruger declared war. [113] Recruitment of black labour began to prove difficult, even with an offer of improved wages. [97] No material benefits accrued to the Griquas as a result of either colonisation or annexation; they did not receive any share of the diamond wealth generated at Kimberley. The assistance that South Africa gave the British Empire was significant. Introduction: South Africa has a unique history of apartheid that has had significant implications on economic and social policies. Estimates for the death toll resulting from the Mfecane range from 1 million to 2 million.[47][48][49][50]. The conventional view is that availability of livestock was one reason why, in the mid-17th century, the Dutch East India Company established a staging post where the port city of Cape Town is today situated. 213, 219, 223, 224 Quote: Truth and Reconciliation Commission (1998), Findings on the role of allies of the state, pages 227238, Peter Harris, "The role of rightwing vigilantes in South Africa", in. [88] War broke out again in 1865. After an unsuccessful appeal for aid from the British Empire, Moshoeshoe signed the 1866 treaty of Thaba Bosiu, with the Basotho ceding substantial territory to the Orange Free State. [169] [73], The original Griqualand, north of the Orange River, was annexed by Britain's Cape Colony and renamed Griqualand West after the discovery in 1871 of the world's richest deposit of diamonds at Kimberley, so named after the British Colonial Secretary, Earl Kimberley. It is also a given name in Kerala. Desiree Hansson, "Changes in counter-revolutionary state strategy in the decade 197989", in Desiree Hansson and Dirk van Zyl Smit (eds.). [11][12][13], The San and Khoikhoi are essentially distinguished only by their respective occupations. [189], Both South Africa and Cuba claimed victory at the decisive battle of Cuito Cuanavale, which have been described as "the fiercest in Africa since World War II". [citation needed] Smuts was invited to the Imperial War Cabinet in 1939 as the most senior South African in favour of war. Coetzee ( Afrikaans: [kutsi]) is an Afrikaans surname. Axmed (Somali origin) the variant for Ahmed. Means "gratitude" in Sotho. Yet resistance by Boer bittereinders (meaning those who would fight to the bitter end) continued for two more years with guerrilla warfare, which the British met in turn with scorched earth tactics. After the country's first multiracial democratic elections in 1994, a number of terrorist bomb blasts were linked to the AWB. A list of references about Personal Names or Surnames at the Local History and Genealogy Reading Room at the Library of Congress. [155], From 1948, successive National Party administrations formalised and extended the existing system of racial discrimination and denial of human rights into the legal system of apartheid,[156] which lasted until 1991. [210] Both sides were forced to the negotiating table, with the result that in June 1991, all apartheid laws were finally rescinded- opening the way for the country's first multiracial democratic elections three years later. These groups were displaced or sometimes absorbed by migrating Africans (Bantus) during the Bantu expansion from Western and Central Africa. The Ibibio name Akpan means firstborn son. [194][195][196], Organised resistance to Afrikaner nationalism was not confined exclusively to activists of the oppressed, dark-skinned population. It comes from the word Latin "praetor" and it's very common in South Africa. 25,000 Black South Africans were recruited at the request of the British War Cabinet to serve as non-combatant labourers in the South African Native Labour Contingent (SANLC). [125], Among other harsh segregationist laws, including denial of voting rights to black people, the Union parliament enacted the 1913 Natives' Land Act, which earmarked only eight percent of South Africa's available land for black occupancy. Cattle rustling ensued and a party of Boers under the leadership of Piet Retief were killed. These are the 10 most common African American surnames according to the 2000 census: Williams: Williams is a patronymic of English origin of someone with a forebear named William. 'The significance of the Cape trade route to economic activity in the Cape Colony: a medium-term business cycle analysis', European Review of Economic History, 14 (2010), pp. 1972. The first KhoikhoiDutch War broke out in 1659, the second in 1673, and the third 16741677. Owners who had purchased slaves on credit or put them up as surety against loans faced financial ruin. [110], Of the leading 25 foreign industrialists who were instrumental in opening up deep level mining operations at the Witwatersrand gold fields, 15 were Jewish, 11 of the total were from Germany or Austria, and nine of that latter category were also Jewish. By 1952, the brief flame of mass-based white radicalism was extinguished, when the Torch Commando disbanded due to government legislation under the Suppression of Communism Act, 1950. 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