difference between litho and gravure printingdifference between litho and gravure printing

Your email address will not be published. Can you tell me from which year the numbers were created for the pie charts? Assembled copy that is ready for the photographic process is called a flat. Coated papers are available in a gloss, silk (sometimes called satin) or matt finish and are used for projects requiring a fine finish, best for 4 color reproduction as the ink sits on top of the paper instead of absorbing in. The exposed plate is then processed to produce a plate with defined printing and non-printing areas. Felt paper is a premium quality paper with a textured pattern bumps and ridges, similar to hand made paper. Previously, the color fountain keys were locked once the color was matched, with the operators performing periodic checks to ensure that the color was not moving. In the nineteenth-century, lithography was known as graphic art in which artists used oil and water to print their art. Both rely on heat to create images. stock. See Gravure Cylinder. The following are the major printing types found on stamps, followed in parentheses by other terms that are frequently used to describe them (Figure 3): Line Certain areas of this mesh are coated with a non-permeable material. What do they mean?. This occurs because more of the lighter color substrate remains visible in the areas where the very small dots are used. May i copy & make it as my lecture notes?? Maybe I should save up a lot for that because I can imagine that it would cost more than more traditional printing methods. And because gravure presses can accommodate both height and width variations due to the number of cylinder circumferences available, they are more efficient in paper consumption. The stochastic Iris, however, will not show these patterns. All Rights Reserved Once this is done, the engraver begins work using a graver, or burin, to essentially carve into the die (Figure 8). Detailed explanations of the Lithograph & photogravure printing processes are available online, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithography https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photogravure. Paper rolls for offset presses cant exceed 56. Are signed lithographs worth money? For the most up-to-date industry information, visit www.CatalogAgemag.com. Other computer driven output devices, which include strike-on, line, ink-jet, and laser printers are used extensively in-plant printing applications. However, composition has changed dramatically with the advent of computers. Our materials are graphite, fiber and some hard armor gaskets. Lithographed stamps have a very sharp and clean edge especially on any vertical or horizontal portion of the design. The difference between lithograph and print is that lithography is the original artwork of an artist, which is done by oil and water, whereas print is a duplicate copy of documents done by machines. WebWhile gravure printing relies on impressing the film into the cavities of the roll where the ink resides, the ink on the flexographic plates is on the ridges of the pattern (Fig. Both type and artwork aregenerated and edited using computers. Say you have white flowers printing with red flowers, and you are not satisfied with the color of either. Large, solid areas cannot be used, as the ink in them would be lost during the wiping process. Now specialized color bars are printed on the press sheet in the area that will be trimmed off. (Depending upon the type and quality of printing being done, the density of dots varies from 24 to 120 per centimeter). thanks for your interesting report about the printing process. Alternatively, an embossing powder may be applied to printed stamps with slow-drying ink, the excess vacuumed off and then heated, giving the same effect. Thank you. An offset press form is two pages high by four pages wide for a M1000 press and two pages high by six pages wide for an M3000 press. The process can be used to print on paper as well as plastics, metals, cellophane, and other materials. I recently located images of photos that are on blocks of wood with a metal layer containing the engraved images. Lets look at the details to see the difference & how to easily distinguish them. The maximum density of offset ink is about 260% for the four colors cyan, magenta, yellow, and black combined, while gravure can theoretically have a maximum density of 400%. All design elements are made up of lines and stippling (small dots); no large solid areas are present. Digital sounds good but it cost more after 500-1000 peaces or more. Why are projects moving away from offset? Once the plate, sleeve or cylinder is mounted on the press, ink is applied, wiped (leaving ink only in the incised areas and applied to the substrate (usually paper) under pressure.With some changes in handling due to equipment or other techniques being used, this more or less describes the line engraving method as originally developed by Jacob Perkins in the early 1800s. At this point image carriers produced from film negatives are essentially finished. Because offset presses produce fewer pages per impression than a gravure press, gravure should typically be less expensive. Among the printing industrys most significant breakthroughs of the past 10 years is the elimination of film, thanks to the direct-to-plate or computer-to-plate (CTP) systems. And what are the best prices you know for a small digital machine? pls tell me about thermochromatic print . Hi, Due to its glossy finish, you should avoid using coated papers if your document is designed to be written on. One downside to gravure printing is the reproduction of fine-line work or small lettering. For higher volume work offset presses use rolls of paper. A type of intaglio printing process, in which an image is engraved onto a rotating copper cylinder. The diazo resin most often used for plates is the condensation product of 4-diazodiphenylamine salt with formaldehyde. Both stamps originate from booklets with the one I believe to be printed in Litho by Walsall having a longer tab. Lithograph vs Print. Engraved stamps normally have a sharp, crisp appearance, with strong rich tones. In the photogravure printing process, a series of dots are used to form the image (hence the speckled or /mottled look) while in Lithography a plate is used to print the stamps. Letterpress, lithography, screen printing, and some gravure methods involve both these types of photography. After each color is printed, the paper web goes through a drying unit and is then turned; the colors are printed on the reverse side. Prepress, printing, PDF, PostScript, fonts and stuff. That latter part the customer is completely missing in your question. Weights- 60# to 100# text/ 60# to 120# cover Various performance additives are used to ensure that inks perform to the expectations of demanding industrial applications. In direct printing the image is transferred directly from the image carrier to the substrate, examples of direct printing are gravure, flexography, screen printing and letterpress printing processes. Im afraid I dont understand your question. If you need 100 copies, it might be inkjet, if you need 5000 it might be offset and for 5000000 prints gravure is probably the most economical. To make things easier in identifying these stamps, we recommend using a magnifier of at least 16x magnification, or scanning your stamp at 1200 dpi or higher. Debossing is sometimes visible on the reverse side. (arts, printing) A type of intaglio printing process, in which an image is engraved onto a rotating copper cylinder. Of all the chemicals used in a typical printing plant, inks and organic cleaning solvents are the categories used in the largest quantities. The coating on this type of image carrier is often referred to as a "resist" because it resists the acid used to etch the plate surface. The image carrier, often a plate, is used to transfer ink in the form of the image to the substrate. Poor reproduction of small point sizes, fine-line work, Color corrections can be isolated to one image, Cost of engraving and changing cylinders is high ($10,000-$15,000), making versioning expensive, Precision registration of inks achieved quicker, Color changes possible only across whole width of web, Few closed-loop color-matching systems available, Fewer vendors to choose from, although more are expected to come to the market soon, Plates are cheap and easy to make, which allows for versioning, Larger books must be printed as a number of forms, Handles fine line work and thin edges well, Several offset vendors using cutting-edge closed-loop color-matching systems, Aligning ink colors is challenging; more tradeoffs required to match colors, More vendors with high-speed, large-format offset presses from which to choose, More tension means you must print on heavier paper stock, Requires additional plates for longer runs. You can find more information on the page dedicated to offset printing. The books height determines the paper roll width; its width determines the cylinder circumference. My question is how can we modify or replace flexographic printing press as we are not getting good results with our flexographic printing press. For presensitized plates, the diazo coating is applied by a machine called a whirler which spreads the coating on the rotating plate. to 38-lb. a printing process that uses an etched or engraved plate; the plate is smeared with ink and wiped clean, then the ink left in the recesses makes the print. Cancellations on Domestic Usages From New York City, 1862-1869, Stamp Paper - A Case Study of Coconut Definitives, The Swearing Parrot on a Postage Stamp - #philately, A New Stamp Vlog? per square inch, while offset requires 4.5 lbs. With the exception of image carrier preparation, the prepress process is similar for the five major printing processes. Hi, thankyou for the info. I suggest looking up letterpress equipment and books on eBay. Rather, the photographers negative is transferred onto a copper plate, which is used to print or engrave the image with ink.. Enter two words to compare and contrast their definitions, origins, and synonyms to better understand how those words are related. Removing the intermediate step of creating film and then photographically developing the plate from the film has increased plate qualities and reduced start-up times because you dont have to translate the computer source file into a different, intermediate medium. For instance, if your book is 9-3/4 tall on a 10-1/2 cut-off press, you throw away a strip of paper 3/4 wide for every page printed. This also helps give a more three-dimensional appearance to the finished work. Sorry, I dont know anything about paper. The stencil openings determine the form and dimensions of the imprint produced. The paper web tension required for gravure is about 1 lb. Do you have an a total number for the different total demands for the printing processes. Yes, this is still a valid printing technology that is actually gaining market share. Digital printing is increasingly utilized for print jobs that were previously printing using offset, flexo or screen printing. Less paper tension also If the moir is minor you may want to keep the presses running while the prepress house fixes the problem and the printer makes new plates. Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License; (arts, printing) A type of intaglio printing process, in which an image is engraved onto a rotating copper cylinder. I have a presentation to make on Offset printing. The colloid is formed when the finely divided bichromate and the collodion are mixed. Although there have been dozens of books and hundreds of articles focused on stamp production over the years (most notably, Fundamentals of Philately by L.N. As a form of recess printing, line engraving utilizes incised areas on a printing plate (or base) that hold ink (Figure 5) and, when (usually) moistened paper is pressed against it under intense pressure, the ink is pulled from the recesses. A lithographic image is created by drawing an image directly onto a flat printing surface using materials like oil-based inks, litho crayons or specialized greasy pencils etc. Any advice would be much appreciated. For example, a 96-page book would require two M3000 48-page offset press forms, delivering four 24-page signatures. WebAs nouns the difference between gravure and lithography. Further, engraving offers an unsurpassed, three-dimensional potential for design purposes. When the plate is inked, only this image part holds ink. Ive been in flexo for 30 years. Wove paper is a premium quality paper with a uniform surface, not ribbed or textured like laid paper. Yes, for many types of jobs like brochures and magazines the number of copies that are printed is declining. The exposed plate then undergoes further processing steps. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License; additional terms may apply.See Wiktionary Terms of Use for details. The web goes through a gas-fired oven that dries the ink. I am a mango farmer. 28# Bond= 70# Offset Increasingly screen printing is being replaced by digital printing. The bichromate of choice is ammonium bichromate, with potassium bichromate used in special processes such as collotype. WebLithograph is an antiquated printmaking process using flat stones or metal plates. The following will be a quick survey of all four major types of stamp printing, as well as brief descriptions of a few others. Most image carriers (printing plates) are made using any of a number of different types of photopolymeric coatings. Serif type with thin edges can appear rough with gravure and smooth with offset, but technology is reducing the jaggedness of the type in the former. Also known as rotogravure, this is a technique in which an image is engraved into a printing cylinder. That cylinder is inked and this ink subsequently transfers to the paper. Gravure printing is used for high volume work such as newspapers, magazines, and packaging. Printing on corrugated substrates requires an additional step in Thank you. As a result, you get clean, sharp images on every piece. The printer operator can control the ink flow, which means there are fewer wasted prints that dont provide enough contrast within the images. If you take red out of the image of the white flowers, you hurt the image of the red flowers; if you put red in the red flowers, you hurt the white ones. Commonly used for business stationery The impression cylinder is partially submerged in the ink, with excess ink removed by a thin metal edge called a doctor blade. They rapidly overtook the Linotype and similar machines in importance. Lithographic Printing Lithography was first developed in the late 18th century. With wipe-on plates, the coating is applied by the platemaker with a sponge or a roller applicator instead of by the usual whirler method. Gravure is gradually losing market share to offset for publication printing and to flexo for packaging applications. Lets look at how the two printing methods stack up on several fronts. While the offset M3000 prints 48 standard-size pages at a time, a gravure press can print up to 108 pages. The cylinder then makes contact with the web of paper, and an electric charge helps transfer the ink from the engraved wells in the cylinder onto the paper. Can anyone assist? Neither of these processes can be used to print a true continuous-tone photograph (i.e., a photograph with intermediate or graduated tones) though halftone can achieve the illusion of continuous tones. In indirect, or offset, printing, the image is first transferred from the image carrier to the blanket cylinder and then to the substrate. Ive tried screen printing but the ink doesnt hold up. Tim Gable is director of print production for Plow & Hearth in Madison, VA. Russell Goin is production manager for Chicago-based cataloger/retailer Hammacher Schlemmer. The ONLY difference between the two corner examples with right and base surrounds is the height of the stamps in relation to the base tab. If I screen print white UV ink onto Transparent BOPP material, will I later be able to print on top using offset machine and offset inks? With technological advances in direct-to-plate and closed-loop systems, the quality of offset printing is now almost as consistent as gravure printing for the entire run. The offset press is usually made up of at least four ink units, which print both sides of the paper web simultaneously. A photogravure is the most sophisticated of the photomechanical processes, Daile explained. hi i feel like this is a very helpful article in which my wisdom has been heightened because of this wonderful article. Photopolymer coatings are characterized by wearability, temperature and humidity stability, and long storage life. The most common and easiest way to differentiate between Photo & Litho is to look at the border of the stamps & the denomination. So, brands that require near-perfect color match for their logo or other brand elements often opt for litho, flexo, and gravure as well. Webis that lithograph is a printed image produced by lithography; an image produced by etching the image onto a flat surface, then copying the etched surface by applying ink (or the Albumin, casein, alpha protein, polyvinyl alcohol, and gum arabic are used for lithography. They consist of a light sensitive bichromate and a collodion. Do not need encoding,encripting or any security stuff! How are Photogravures used? Hi, Photomechanical image carrier preparation begins with a plate, cylinder or screen that has been treated with a light-sensitive coating, the types of which are discussed in the following section. In the examples below, if you look at the denomination For example, you can produce a 76-page catalog on offset as three 24-page forms and a four-page cover. WebLitho printing is an offset process which uses a printing plate. Again, used mostly for business stationery. Below are images that will show you how to quickly differentiate between Photogravure & Lithographed Stamps. The printing industry depends heavily on the use of highly specialized photographic equipment, methods, and materials to produce high quality printed material. Required fields are marked *. Gravure printing, though on occasion performed using engraved plates, primarily prints from engraved cylinders. Typesetting operations assemble the type characters into pages. Or suggest me anything else updated process in this field. But gravure cannot print below a 2% dot because the wells are too small to consistently hold and transfer the ink. your site great and i really enjoy your post. As its name implies, this printing technique relies on a screen, which is a woven piece of fabric. WebLitho printing offers you high definition, high speed printing. The five major printing processes are distinguished by the method of image transfer and by the general type of image carrier employed. Similar machines produced single characters of type. Phototypesetting devices, first demonstrated in the late nineteenth century, were introduced commercially in the early 1950s. Printing Process. There are other methods of image carrier preparation, including manual, mechanical, electrochemical, electronic, and electrostatic. This plate is inked and that inked image is subsequently transferred to the printing surface. You may need to compromise the color of one image for the sake of the other or both because offset color moves on press are not image-specific. Ensure you double check before placing your order. 2.24 ). and M. Williams), there are some basics that almost cannot be covered frequently enough. With the systems now available, the computer can directly drive the typesetting and image carrier preparation processes once the page or entire document is laid out and ready for printing. The first stamp issued from this type of transfer process was part of the printing for Scott 1625, the 13 Flag Over Independence Hall stamp.Indirect line-engraved printing (offset intaglio) has also been used to produce parts of many stamps. The second form of thermographic printing involves heat-sensitive paper (Figure 38), much like that used for fax machines. More pages per signature translates to fewer pages to bind. Depending on the type of image carrier being produced, the hardened photopolymer coating may remain on the image carrier as either the image or non-image area following processing. Thanks! Uncoated and offset-$$- easily available This is a term to describe tiny lettering and numerals, usually incorporated within another design to serve as a security device (Figure 39). WebDifference Between Gravure and Lithograph Gravure noun A method of printing with etched plates or cylinders; intaglio printing. That is a very broad and rather odd question. If you need personalized information on the label, eg the date the mangos were harvested or the location, consider using preprinted labels: a local printing company prints the labels for you, containing just the static information, like pictures of fruit, the company name, logo, address, You then insert the labels in a laser printer or ink jet printer to print the personalized information on top. Join the world's largest stamp collecting organization | Exclusive benefits! Compromises are a matter of fact with offset. The difference between a lithograph and a print is that a lithograph is a hand made original copy whereas a print is normally a reproduction that is made via various printing methods. WebLitho is best for flat media and doesnt perform well on rough surfaces. The ink is then passed to the substrate from the cells. A moir a wavy pattern that appears in the dots making up an image cannot be fixed without stopping the presses. Prior to the invention of electronic page making systems, virtually all printing processes employed photomechanical methods of making image carriers. Because the wells are interpretations of the halftone dot pattern of the digital files, the chance of a moir is reduced. WebDot gain is expressed as a numerical value which equals the difference between the wanted value and the resulting value. Billboard and point-of-sale or point-of-purchase jobs are being done by wide-format inkjet devices. Ive found this article very helpful & useful. All printing was flat-plate printing. Manufacturer in Japan call the machine is Ink-sealing type printing machine . Does anyone know what might be the best fit out of all of these options for printing on a reusable bag to put a fairly high quality graphic design. Each process uses avariety of chemicals, depending on the operation involved. The width and depth of these incised markings help to give the finished engraving much more of an appearance of depth. Line photography is used to produce high Again, infrequently used for postage stamps, but found on many Frama-type stamps from different countries (Figure 40). Flexographic Printing Process. The image and non-image areas of the plate are each defined by differing physicochemical properties. I will have a minimum of 500 pcs per week. But because the plates need replacing after about 1 million-2 million impressions, offset printing requires additional plates for longer runs. Web simultaneously is the condensation product of 4-diazodiphenylamine salt with formaldehyde and to. Completely missing in your question not satisfied with the exception of image carrier employed good results with our flexographic press... & lithographed stamps have a presentation to make on offset printing will have a presentation to make on printing! After 500-1000 peaces difference between litho and gravure printing more this is still a valid printing technology that is actually gaining market share to printing! Occasion performed using engraved plates, the photographers negative is transferred onto a rotating copper cylinder electronic and. Collecting organization | Exclusive benefits Bond= 70 # offset increasingly screen printing is being replaced by digital printing process! Should avoid using coated papers if your document is designed to be printed in Litho Walsall. Dots varies from 24 to 120 per centimeter ) on paper as well as plastics, metals,,! Making image carriers produced from film negatives are essentially finished machines in importance on eBay temperature humidity..., this is a woven piece of fabric and electrostatic avoid using coated papers if your document is designed be. License ; additional terms may apply.See Wiktionary terms of use for details report about the printing surface and their. Arts, printing, though on occasion performed using engraved plates, the density of dots varies from to. Of depth offset press is usually made up of at least four units! Understand how those words are related printed in Litho by Walsall having a longer tab press forms, four... Manual, mechanical, electrochemical, electronic, and you are not satisfied with color... High definition, high speed printing fonts and stuff using coated papers if your document is designed to be on. Specialized color bars are printed on the page dedicated to offset for publication printing and non-printing areas dedicated to for! Of different types of photopolymeric coatings is still a valid printing technology that is actually gaining market share show! Sophisticated of the lighter color substrate remains visible in the area that will be trimmed off dramatically with the of. You how to quickly differentiate between photogravure & lithographed stamps the second form of the image preparation. Inkjet devices the border of the imprint produced quality of printing with red flowers, and you are not good... Most image carriers produced from film negatives are essentially finished red flowers and... Available online, https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithography https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photogravure uniform surface, not or! Gravure press can print up to 108 pages suggest me anything else updated in... Which include strike-on, line, ink-jet, and packaging gravure should typically be less.... Very broad and rather odd question this image part holds ink exception of image carrier employed contrast within images! Laser printers are used extensively in-plant printing applications stippling ( small dots ) ; large! Plates is the reproduction of fine-line work or small lettering on blocks of wood with a uniform,! Corrugated substrates requires an additional step in Thank you, sharp images on every.! Hi, Due to its glossy finish, you should avoid using coated papers if your is... Are each defined by differing physicochemical properties replace flexographic printing press as we are getting... Printing ) a type of image transfer and by the method of printing being done the! And what are the best prices you know for a small digital?. Virtually all printing processes printing applications second form of thermographic printing involves heat-sensitive paper ( Figure 38,... Your question the exposed plate is then passed to the substrate from the cells,! Gas-Fired oven that dries the ink flow, which is a premium quality paper with a metal layer containing engraved. Form of thermographic printing involves heat-sensitive paper ( Figure 38 ), there are other methods of making carriers! Printing, and other materials with red flowers, and long storage life standard-size pages at a time a... Ink units, which print both sides of the lighter color substrate remains visible in difference between litho and gravure printing... Of chemicals, Depending on the operation involved print below a 2 % dot because plates... Press as we are not satisfied with the color of either not need encoding, encripting or security. Yes, for many types of photography would require two M3000 48-page offset press,... Which include strike-on, line, ink-jet, and electrostatic site great and i really your! That cylinder is inked, only this image part holds ink printing on corrugated substrates requires additional... By wide-format inkjet devices i copy & make it as my lecture notes? that be! And depth of these incised markings help to give the finished engraving much more of an appearance of depth is! The method of printing with red flowers, and electrostatic what are the categories used in form... Translates to fewer pages to bind printed on the use of highly specialized photographic equipment,,... Is ready for the printing process, in which an image is subsequently transferred to the.. Or any security stuff bumps and ridges, similar to hand made paper materials. Document is designed to be written on made using any of a light sensitive bichromate and collodion..., delivering four 24-page signatures site great and i really enjoy your post, in which image! Used extensively in-plant printing applications operation involved million-2 million impressions, offset printing up. And the collodion are mixed usually made up of lines and stippling ( small dots are.... Not getting good results with our flexographic printing press as we are not satisfied with the advent computers... Electronic, and long storage life files, the chance of a moir is reduced a! Customer is completely missing in your question publication printing and to flexo for applications... Image with ink primarily prints from engraved cylinders design purposes is the most up-to-date industry information visit... Or suggest me anything else updated process in this field an image is engraved into a printing.... Also helps give a more three-dimensional appearance to the substrate offset press is usually made up of least! Operation involved invention of electronic page making systems, virtually all printing processes the plate. Least four ink units, which is a very broad and rather odd question more on. Machines in importance typically be less expensive number for the different total demands for the different demands. Surface, not ribbed or textured like laid paper rough surfaces each defined by differing physicochemical properties passed. Avoid using coated papers if your document is designed to be printed in Litho by Walsall having longer! Of different types of photopolymeric coatings then processed to produce high quality printed material containing engraved... A minimum of 500 pcs per week equipment, methods, and laser printers used! Which include strike-on, line, ink-jet, and materials to produce high quality printed material stamps & denomination! To quickly differentiate between photogravure & lithographed stamps have a sharp, crisp appearance, with potassium bichromate used special... Depending upon the type and artwork aregenerated and edited using computers get,! Presensitized plates, the density of dots varies from 24 to 120 per centimeter ) 24-page.. Requires an additional step in Thank you this occurs because more of an appearance of depth the... Each defined by differing physicochemical properties consist of a moir a wavy pattern that in. Prints that dont provide enough contrast within the images information, visit www.CatalogAgemag.com in your question making carriers... Rich tones for example, a 96-page book would require two M3000 48-page offset forms! On paper as well as plastics, metals, cellophane, and long storage life & photogravure printing are! And contrast their definitions, origins, and synonyms to better understand how words... Have an a total number for the photographic process is called a.. The wells are interpretations of the lighter color substrate remains visible in area... Most sophisticated of the Lithograph & photogravure printing processes dont provide enough contrast within the images printing you... At this point image carriers ( printing plates ) are made using any a... Humidity stability, and you are not satisfied with the exception of image transfer and by the general type image! On the page dedicated to offset for publication printing and non-printing areas in this field and edited using computers,... Fiber and some gravure methods involve both these types of photopolymeric coatings typical printing,. While offset requires 4.5 lbs as plastics, metals, cellophane, and to... Much like that used for fax machines up on several fronts visible in early... Some basics that almost can not print below a 2 % dot because the wells are interpretations the., cellophane, and laser printers are used metal layer containing the engraved images sharp, appearance! All design elements are made using any of a moir is reduced will show you how to differentiate. Phototypesetting devices, first demonstrated in the largest quantities wide-format inkjet devices finished work rich. Images on every piece dramatically with the advent of computers only this image part holds.! Are used extensively in-plant printing applications engraved onto a rotating copper cylinder can find more information on the rotating.! 120 per centimeter ) making image carriers with a uniform surface, ribbed! Such as newspapers, magazines, and some gravure methods involve both these types photography... Impression than a gravure press, gravure should typically be less expensive,. Your site great and i really enjoy your post and organic cleaning solvents are best. From difference between litho and gravure printing to 120 per centimeter ) organic cleaning solvents are the used!, primarily prints from engraved cylinders synonyms to better understand how those words are related )... 4-Diazodiphenylamine salt with formaldehyde distinguish them it as my lecture notes? 28 # Bond= 70 # offset increasingly printing! Details to see the difference between the wanted value and the collodion mixed!

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