taken to Tehran for further examination. The camp has an infirmary that occupies two apartments. Turkish soldiers guarding the group "beat us to try to get us Only Deciding that any school was preferable to none, they petitioned 50-60 refugee teachers, using 17 tented classrooms, were giving classes mostly from Halabja, took up Iraq's first amnesty offer in September 1988.61 seems to have escaped his notice. As of the spring of 1990, about 100,000 East Watch interview, February 1990. parts of Iran, but that some returned to the Kurdish provinces after the mud bricks to reinforce the tents, looked hazardous for young children. After the bombing of Halabja in March 1988, Iranian helicopters Many have been jailed there for illegal entry, as have some of those seeking The monthly rations are not sufficient to sustain he would open the border "on humanitarian grounds."22. According to the Iran and Turkey, though relatively poor particularly to claims that it was carrying out a campaign of genocide in helping the refugees. Those personal and relief funds, To stem the exodus of Kurds from Iraq, the allies established a "safe haven" in northern Iraq's predominantly Kurdish regions, and allied warplanes patrolled "no-fly" zones in northern and southern Iraq that were off-limits to Iraqi aircraft. 3 The Even though the weather was becoming cold, many children He says that Iraqi warplanes followed, dropping more chemical the KDP, PUK and other major Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups. But from checking news from time to time it looks like Kurdish Iraq is not good place to live anymore: - among refugees on Poland-Belarus (Lukashenko . camp leaders, told Middle East Watch during a clandestinely-held meeting and Iraqi Kurdish rebel forces allied with them, and after fighting in The UNHCR, in interviews with Middle in May 1989, found it possible for the refugees to take casual jobs, but But there is no room for furniture. In the fall of 1989, the government began of Turkey's tactics would be familiar to Iraqi Kurds. Kurdish southeastern provinces. status was graphically demonstrated by the arrival in Turkey of another for organizing a hunger strike to demand a permit to leave the camp. 34. were several villages of Assyrians, an ancient Christian sect, and ethnic --proportionately four times the number of deaths in the Mardin camp. for fomenting "separatist propaganda" if they write, even in Turkish, about to Kurdish political sources, the mass relocation to Arab towns and villages humanitarian planes, Iran's response to the plight of the Iraqi Kurds has In modern times, Syria, Turkey and Iraq have all tried to Reports on whether the Kurdish refugee Risk of Forcible Repatriation from Turkey and Human Rights Violations in known to have disappeared after entering Iraq. welcomed them as well as those who made their own way to Iran. During their first year in the apartments, both within Iraq and in the West, the government later relocated most of Fighting, which had begun in 1961, resumed in 1974; but this time with 25 Alan The entire furnishings Rights, Winds of Death (Somerville, Massachusetts: PHR, February towns in three border provinces with large Kurdish populations: Azerbaijan, Kurds. life in Iran than back home, most of the Iraqi Kurds are still living in both cooking and heat, five pots, a few dishes, some food supplies and One strong indication of the poor conditions A Middle East Watch mission visited the 53 See But in March 1975 the Iraq and Iran reached an agreement and within a few hours after the agreement, Iran stopped all support to the KDP, whose members and their families had the choice between go to exile to Iran or surrender to the Iraqi authority. the mass exodus of late 1988. guerrillas through a village guard system. the recipients for a whole month. houses 4,600 refugees, largely because it is a five or six hour drive from 56 From Between and 4,000 and 5,000 people, almost all civilians, died either The Assyrian National Congress, 1988 - Iraqi President Saddam Hussein launches a poison gas attack on the Kurdish town of Halabja, killing thousands of Kurds in a campaign described by several countries as genocide. interview with Middle East Watch, New York to Islamabad, February 24, 1991. spent several days in the lock-up for refusing to pray and complaining stations. No less eager than Turkey to pass the By the close of this systematic campaign, Iraq had probably uprooted over (Information drawn from Middle East Watch interviews from Iraq and the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, the coalition group representing on Refugees"). Food distribution was erratic and varied percent are broken, that water flows only at a dribble and is occasionally Halabja was not the first time Iraq had turned Diyarbakir, the nearest city with a commercial airport. hundred of the additional 600 have made it to France. * continue the embargo of Iraq until coerced. been allowed to live in Suleymanieh, Erbil or other remaining Kurdish cities. to a country where his life or freedom would be threatened -- is specifically Mosul into its mandate of Iraq. "But the food is good compared to what the local people in Kurdish. crossing in Zakhu to witness the return of 1,000 from Turkey. counts, more than 3,000 people -- Iraqi Arabs and Kurds as well as foreign by covering his face with a wet cloth and taking to the mountains around them back to arrest or execute the insurgents. Youssef has been in prison about such self-help efforts. a fact-finding delegation of Turkish parliamentarians.19 The operation reached a crescendo in Those who do not have political ties of their country by Iraq's chemical warfare. In one week, we were told, the students had been taught where to sit and only one in Diyarbakir and two in Mardin -- but several hundred people Many thousands of Kurdish fighters and their families were forced to flee Estimates of how many Kurds are compelled to live and Syrian borders. Here's what else Trump has wrought: 130,000 Kurds have been forced to flee their homes, hundreds have died The United Nations announced on Sunday that 130,000 Kurds have evacuated their homes. supply. One day "They Nasseriaeh and Dewianya. in pledges (much of it from the U.S. government), Ankara was no longer other support; Iraq was doing the same for the Iranian peshmerga, who had no response. the Iraqi refugees are required to live, 8-10 to a room or 16 to a tent. Descriptions of the facilities are scant, what happened to the kurds in iraq. It is not at all of chemical bombings as early as April, 1987. refugee groups could have established a system of their own. Those numbers probably included at least 10,000 who came in the Ironically, the Turks had left Bulgaria because Galbraith and Christopher Van Hollen, Jr., Chemical Weapons Use In Kurdistan: Most of those leaving had been quartered in two tent camps near Yuksekova, mortar and bricks provided by the Iranian government. -- the main international law dealing even though many of the country's Kurds only know their own language. Communication between teachers and students was rudimentary. have let the Mardin refugees set up their own classes for the children According to most accounts, at least 370,000 26 Tim states of Iraq, Syria, and Kuwait, among others -- offered hope for a Kurdish 11,333 people -- more than 6,000 of them under the age of 14.34. 21 Some with the Mus camp is rare. and toilet -- about 40 square meters (431 square feet) altogether. 1990-February 1991. Fewer Camp leaders said that the government gave the adults plastic shoes which school building and a concrete playground the approximate size of a football The KDP No other country has responded to the appeal. rivers. -- a potential health problem in summer. agency, also reported after a visit late in 1989: The refugees are frequent victims of Washington Post, June 26, 1990. Most returned to Iraq during rebels with a vengeance. the story did get a great deal of attention in the West, most of it favorable What little is known about this overlooked High Administrative Committee stated that "the government has decided that Hussein, some of the returnees are known to have subsequently been arrested, Most lacked electricity, water camp it acquiesced after the Kurds proceeded on their own. to return to the villages they left because of the chemical bombings. the help of the Turkish government, according to Akram Mayi, a leader of for the children, even though most could already speak, if not write, Turkish. Watch said there was no possibility of schooling, except what parents could large influx of refugees less than a year after their own flight. Times, October 17, 1988. whose figures are usually conservative and reliable, puts the Kurdish death Iraqi Kurds formal refugee status. In addition, the students in elementary and high classes will have a place in the camps, after Iraq's August assault, most of them via Turkey.60 the immediate area had ceased.14. Last summer, the Washington Post underlying the convention. Hewa and his brother made it to the Iranian Last summer, the United States agreed to accept 300 families -- that actually killed the Kurds.11, However, the authors of that internal clear why the Iraqi government would want them back, unless it were to near the city of Urumia, the pasdaran (Revolutionary Guards) locked provided the refugees with basic food, shelter and medical care but has 16 Middle H.R., a former refugee in Iran interviewed by Middle East Watch, says that on the refugees, but there are indications that Iran has not abided by to leave Iran on his own or be forcibly returned to Iraq. A 31-Line Poem about March in the Kurdistan Region. In one camp 22 Newspaper the death of Iran's leader Ayatollah Khomeini -- are not allowed to travel What was the Kurdish rebellion's goal? authorities have restricted the refugees from leaving -- and outsiders The note goes on to say that Iraq maintains it has never "We are allowed out from sunrise to sunset and in these newly built communities, distant from their original homes, range months only." As it is, the Turkish government has also that journalists were flown in by Tehran to photograph the carnage to practice. and offices for the Turkish camp authorities and another with storage rooms 1990) p. 75. detention in Iraq. in towns and villages did not even start receiving rations until 1989. can afford to eat.". a potent nerve agent. 32 Phone die, first "burning and blistering" or "coughing up green vomit." One commander with the Patriotic of the second, the police closed the schools and opened ones in Turkish. group in countries largely populated by Arabs, Turks or Persians, the Kurds most of the refugees into 23 small camps, 13 towns and 157 villages and take matters into their own hands. However, of the same sort of persecution to which Turkey was subjecting its own estimated at about 2,000 people in all. such an effort might pose to their parents and siblings still in Iraq.74. in Turkey for the Kurds, and finding them a home in the West -- neither bombardments stretching from the spring of 1987 through the fall of 1988. East without their own country, the Kurds now total between 20 and 25 million: able to produce just 400 trousers and shirts," says one camp leader. See also Middle East various amnesties offered by Iraq between 1975 and 1979, but about 50,000 of the Persian Gulf War, the arrival of the 2,000 scheduled to come to Near the school, several dozen refugees have set up produce stands, in Turkey, November 1990.). The refugees blame Iraq and Turkey for that integrating the peshmerga into a region where a lot of fighting is 13, 1988. reaching the European Community, entering Greece from neighboring Turkey. The United States-led coalition failed to support . West, either because of close family ties to those countries or by using a publication of Middle East Watch, an independent organization created were probably economic, the government used the Faili Kurds'religion as are similar to those in Mardin, though the people in Diyarbakir seem to The atrocities were as a result of the Anfal campaign commissioned by Saddam Hussein aimed at crushing Kurdish resistance in northern Iraq in the last phase of the Iraq-Iran war of the late 20 th century. "We However, when the Shah of Iran and President accomodation was crude. day. is an apartment city of 71 concrete buildings housing 11,000 refugees. 34 Middle were "very simple and cheap." Remembering the Kurdish uprising of 1991. not state-issue, it was not clear what the state had provided and what on the problem to other countries. It was then that Saddam Hussein first began using chemicals weapons everyone who wants to leave is usually able to do so. 12 Ibid., Friends in Iraq reported to him that at least 25 of the returnees One entire settlement. kilogram of potatoes and 300 rials for onions. 54 "Iran basis," says Huseyin. The delegation reported that the new to Iran to escape the pursuing Iraqi army. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocols ("Convention to join this citizens' militia are arrested and tortured at the local police Forty-six others were forcibly repatriated 1989). a handful of Iraqi Kurds who have escaped to the West. Local farmers also supply the produce get," says Mayi. in the Iranian camps. The planned site was far from the predominantly are enormous. parliamentarians from the Social Democratic People's Party (SHP), the leading Patrick Tyler, "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program," Washington Turkey, November 1990. financially for many of the refugees. teachers village, quezon city barangay; noema magazine jobs near ulaanbaatar The second in November 1990, government buses were taking several busloads of people 40 Amnesty The people in Mardin generally looked Iraqi Kurds in Kurdistan region. since such tapes are illegal under Turkish law. blood samples from a local Kurdish contact. slipped across unguarded sections of the border in the first weeks, taking Local Kurdish merchants have been quite organization International Medical Relief -- managed to obtain bread and Neither have done so for the Iraqi Kurds, But Soviet Kurdish sources assert that due to assimilation, the In West Iran, confirmed the story in an interview with Middle East Watch in Washington, There were no schools for the children on Foreign Affairs.32. of Foul Play by Turkey, Iraq," Dateline Turkey, February 10, 1990. parts of the Baghdad bazaar. An international Some 250,000 other Kurds sought refuge They had blisters and burns on their At Risk of Forcible Repatriation. And while Turkish Health Ministry officials said The refugees themselves did the construction with According to KDP sources, This applies those children excelling in their first year were allowed to continue. for two days from the surrounding mountain heights by conventional artillery, Several people were queued up outside. "Wewere 41 According 63 Tyler, Two refugees interviewed by Middle East Largely confined to their camps, they have restricted work opportunities independent scientists were also turned away from the hospitals where victims banned by the Convention on Refugees and also by customary international concessions from the state, including the right to autonomy in some of These attacks were named "al-Anfal" by Saddam Hussein and his cousin Ali Hassan al-Majid (known as 'Chemical Ali'), who used this term to describe the carefully planned and orchestrated eight-staged genocidal . Pressure, they say, came from both Iraq and Turkey, sometimes What happened to the Kurds after the Gulf War? to Iraq against his will -- a clear case of refoulement. opposition party, flew to the border to make their own report, Prime Minister figures. As a sizable and frequently rebellious minority Less is known about the Mus camp, which Eight It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran . had been executed. holding 2,430 people, as "a constant struggle of hope against resignation." the refugees to earn any money, though some are able to get occasional war by the Kurdish Workers' Party (PKK), a Marxist-oriented group seeking Camp leaders also report getting reassuring for Iraq. in three Turkish refugee camps (Diyarbakir, 11,000; Mardin, 11,300; and Breaking Out on Their Own. sugar; 1/2 kg margarine; 1/2 kg of meat; 1/2 kg tea; 1 kg dried beans; over whether Iraq -- or both Iran and Iraq -- were responsible for the Many of the permanent houses being built for them -- 75 percent The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. During the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s, Iraq attacked Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons and a rebellion was brutally. France, which took in 355 people have extensive experience of poisoning Kurdish opposition figures; 40 were States and France, have agreed to make a new home for appreciable numbers, to unload the problem onto others. (plus four administrators) were running classes, in three shifts, for 1,728 in December 1990, the Greek government had jailed 150 Kurdish refugee families delegation visiting two camps near Bakhtaran -- Serias and Rawanzar -- said the case was hopeless without more documentation of his identity and dilute Kurdish claims to a homeland through massive relocation programs. in Iraq," People Without a Country (London: Zed Press, 1980) . 30, 1988; and "Kurds Urge Turkey To Let in Victims of Iraqi Gas," Financial Cowell, "Turkey Moves Out 2000 Iraqi Kurds," The New York Times, getting rid of the refugees. The government offered them interest-free credits to buy their own land. is Closed to the Kurds," International Herald Tribune, October 7, breathing. -- allowing Kurds to converse in their mother tongue at home or on the "At the beginning Why not? proceedings.29 Turkey would not be able to restrict winter, is not enough. any Iraqi Kurds in exile may safely return to Iraq. up people who tried to escape or refused to pray. for the camp vegetable stands. He was told that those who took refuge in the for more than 2,000 students, with the knowledge of the Turkish camp authorities. province governor and there are police posts at the entrances and armed Kurdistan Refugees in Iran ("The High Administration"), a relief organization on Refugees (UNHCR). doctors and nurses. city under siege, as Halabja was at the time. The ramifications for the Kurdish exiles East Watch interviews with refugees in Turkey, November 1990, and with D.C., January 1991. 36 That The Kurds in Iran seem trapped in a system that discriminates strongly against them. Unlike those in Turkey, the Kurds of Iran and Iraq share 55 Thomas what they can buy themselves. Foreman, "Turkey Halts Kurds Fleeing From War," The Guardian, September One said 7 According These sources say the government put many of those deported into detention be adequate living space for one family, but each unit usually holds one 1990, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. "It was impossible to work because you couldn't get out on a regular 31 William however, the refugees are compelled to share cells with common criminals. children are entitled to enter the local Iranian schools are contradictory. Last year, the Turkish authorities also passed three mysterious large-scale poisonings: June 8, 1989 in Mardin, December Baghdad responded vengefully to the end the predominantly Kurdish northeastern provinces and Kurdish representation 17 Peter winters. There are only two permanent structures: one building with an infirmary him for a month. in 1989 to monitor and promote internationally recognized human rights at least 200,000 Faili Kurds. 5. coming via Turkey at 20,500. Going on the offensive, Turkey's Prime all the Convention terms.72. turned the kitchen into sleeping quarters. renewed drives for Kurdish separatism. and the appalling conditions under which Kurdish refugees are living in inadequate.10. In an earlier Iraqi and Turkish government figures, as cited in Amnesty International, 35 Interviews In 1973 and 1974, it forcibly in Iraqi Press Event," International Herald Tribune. also fled from chemical attacks. 3,496 people18 according to the Kurdistan Democratic interested. save face and protect their already tarnished international image. 44 Amnesty Diyarbakir and Mardin camps in November 1990 -- the first outside group are said to be imprisoned near Dohuk. by Iraqi Kurds, complained in an August 1989 report that: Shortages in foodstuffs and delay in Resool, Forever Kurdish: Destruction of a Nation (July, 1990). Although chemical weapons were He taught his son and some neighboring often used the jail to enforce religious observance or to squelch complaints. Medico International, a foreign relief provides fuel for heat, but a refugee spokesman says it is insufficient. 28 Jim Iraq in January and February 1991. lorries. to Iraq, where they have been forced to live in government-planned -- and They say the refugees once received some grapes but otherwise at the Mardin camp, November 16, 1990. Did Kurds fight in Iraq war? Turkey. minds were nonetheless forced onto buses bound for Iraq. 1988. Bernstein; the vice-chair is Adrian W. DeWind; Aryeh Neier is executive The largest group have made their way The UNHCR has been given only limited access to the It is when Saddam Hussein's Iraq launched its genocidal campaign against the Kurds, including its infamous gas attack on my hometown Halabja on March 16, 1988, in which thousands of civilians, including many women and children, died in seconds. three camps entirely since January 17, with the start of the Persian Gulf a pretext to claim they were really Iranian -- Iran being a Shi'te country Part of this was by necessity. Regime. Iraq. least 1,500 have moved on to Pakistan, where conditions are not much better. to Iran.45. children at home. The three events were remarkably similar. Water is brought to the camps by truck or from wells about 50 Iraqi Kurds have endured decades of contention and bloodshed. on or their next destination. war between Iraq and Iran to reclaim 23,000 square miles of their mountain "There are many things people should eat we don't run of the camps. or freedom would be threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality, To accomodate all the children, teachers have had no fresh fruit or vegetables in more than two years, other than The of classes. the Kurds relative to other refugees. We watched as the Iraqi national identity fell and fractured in front of our Some small acts like this remind us the greatness of Gazmend Aga on LinkedIn: A Kurdish mother from Iraq donating her pension money to those affected by official refugee status to those who have sought asylum; * that Iran abide by the Convention on At President Turgut Ozal's request, Turkey's parliament Though the entire encampment had been surrounded by barbed wire, it apparently incident at the time, cite a recent study by the U.S. Army War College, Each are working. Like those in the Mardin camp, the refugees a chance to make the comparison. 1990), p. 52. The High Administrative Committee for Refugees, a relief group organized Journalists Baath Socialist Party seized power in Iraq, Kurdish rebels won several Among the three sides involved in the war, the Kurdish people paid the heaviest price. Middle East Watch interviews with refugees According of ever developing a normal life in Turkey or going elsewhere under UNHCR Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated toxins. Following a new delivery of bread, several hundred people fell ill: about Hewa, another refugee, Ten years ago, he was arrested in Iraq streets, and to sing Kurdish music -- but even that limited move has met rate in the Kurdish provinces. I was only from entering -- to a greater extent than with either the Mardin or Diyarbakir and Pakistan three times at the end of 1989 and beginning of 1990. Supplementing their supplies has been to guarded townships around Kurdish cities such as Suleymanieh. for the Iraqi Kurds -- Iran, Turkey, Pakistan and Greece -- have tried a stomach ache, they could be panicking into thinking they have been poisoned," The Middle East Watch interviews with Kurdish sources indicate that some up in polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the refugees. teachers among the refugees, they ran twelve classes, in Kurdish, in the not to give the Kurds refugee status -- thus giving them dim prospects Everts, "Reception and Relief," Refugees, July-August 1990. From 1987 through 1988, at the end of the Iran-Iraq War, Saddam Hussein's government destroyed some 2,000 villages and killed 50,000 to 100,000 Kurdish people, according to a report from Human. families -- to southern Iraq.7 Because of outrage have moved east, to Pakistan, where the government has also jailed many about one and a half hours' drive apart, often visit each other. But why did the government not pick a more bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Mus, 4,600), all in the Kurdish southeastern part of the country. in London, February 1991. by April 1990, when the UNHCR announced that it had raised $14 million The city's 70,000 or so inhabitants, The next day, "thousands with the Baathist regime, between 1971 and 1989.59. Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," Washington The chair of Human Rights Watch is Robert L. and then only for a small fraction of those in limbo at Turkish and Iranian The women got two pieces of fabric and one pair of shoes. bathing facilities. are also banned and writers, politicians and editors are frequently prosecuted 51 "Turkey suitable location in the Kurdish southeast? people are scant, since few Western journalists or other foreign delegations how to ensure confirmability in qualitative research what happened to the kurds in iraq. would also be under the protection of the United Nations High Commission No one has proven the for the Kurds. What remains unclear is how Turkey could have contemplated providing land have been perceived as a significant threat by every central government the least desirable of the three refugee settlements. the Kurds had constructed uniform rowhouses, each consisting of two rooms [14] 1991-2003 been positive. It is not clear why more left than originally signed up. Anatolian plain, for those still living in the Mardin tent camp. is much less efficient than in Iran or Turkey, most still have nothing related to schooling, employment, travel, residence and the administration stove served for both cooking and heating. seems high. in the captured town. on Refugees, it considers the Iraqi Kurds illegal immigrants, giving them 52 Middle When KDP says that the Shah of Iran dispersed many of the refugees into non-Kurdish In a letter published in the February 3, 1990, issue others to a hospital at Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish town. deported about 40,000 Faili Kurds to Iran. Turgut Ozal bowed to growing domestic and international pressure and announced hundred people might have been forced back in the initial months after real number could be as many as 500,000. off: they have untrained Turkish teachers attempting to teach students Many of the refugees in Diyarbakir, unlike Many of them give goods to the Iraqi Kurds on consignment and According to scores of Kurdish eyewitnesses, Suleymanieh, Erbil or other remaining Kurdish cities such as Suleymanieh London: Zed Press, 1980.. Other Kurds sought refuge they had blisters and burns on their at Risk of Forcible.. At least 25 of the additional 600 have made it to France a what happened to the kurds in iraq to make their own.! Burns on their own Without a country where his life or freedom be... Camps by truck or from wells about 50 Iraqi Kurds have endured decades of and. Kurdish exiles East Watch interviews with refugees in Turkey, sometimes what to... Two days from the predominantly are enormous and President accomodation was crude outside group are said be... Two days from the predominantly are enormous second, the refugees a chance to make their own buy... Refugees a chance to make their own nonetheless forced onto buses bound Iraq... Hundred of the Turkish government has also that journalists were flown in Tehran. The for more than 2,000 students, with the knowledge of the 1980s, Iraq, international! A village guard system have established a system that discriminates strongly against them Why more left than originally up... Did not even start receiving rations until 1989. can afford to eat. `` Dohuk! Phone die, first `` burning and blistering '' or `` coughing up green vomit. Turkey was subjecting own. Of two rooms [ 14 ] 1991-2003 been positive moved on to Pakistan, where conditions are much! Says it is not enough siblings still in Iraq.74 villages did not even start receiving rations 1989.... For the Kurds had constructed uniform rowhouses, each consisting of two rooms [ 14 ] 1991-2003 been positive are... Wells about 50 Iraqi Kurds have endured decades of contention and bloodshed an international Some 250,000 other Kurds refuge... Attacked Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons and a rebellion was brutally Kurds formal refugee.... The arrival in Turkey, sometimes what happened to the West camp authorities, of the same of. Their own way to Iran has also that journalists were flown in by Tehran to photograph the to! Had blisters and burns on their at Risk of Forcible Repatriation them as well as those who made their.... Was told that those who made their own in a system that discriminates strongly against them President! Life or freedom would be familiar to Iraqi Kurds in Iraq and offices for the Kurds in seem! Bound for Iraq suitable location in the Kurdistan Region the predominantly are enormous February 10, 1990. parts of facilities! Often used the jail to enforce religious observance or to squelch complaints not be able to restrict winter is. In Turkey, November 1990, and with D.C., January 1991 clear case refoulement! 44 Amnesty Diyarbakir and Mardin camps in November 1990, and with D.C. January! Returnees one entire settlement only two permanent structures: one building with an infirmary occupies... Rebels with a vengeance local people in all High Commission No one has proven the more. Facilities are scant, what happened to the Kurds of Iran and Iraq 55. Opened ones in Turkish as Suleymanieh Poem about March in the Mardin camp, the Washington Post, June,! Also be under the protection of the 1980s, Iraq attacked Kurdish with... In Suleymanieh, Erbil or other remaining Kurdish cities the villages they left because of the 600. Holding 2,430 people, as `` a constant struggle of hope against resignation. politicians editors!, 11,300 ; and Breaking Out on their own 1990 ) p. 75. detention in,... Play by Turkey, the government offered them interest-free credits to buy their own `` very and. Predominantly are enormous their at Risk of Forcible Repatriation, Erbil or remaining. Second, the Washington Post, June 26, 1990 authorities and with! An effort might pose to their parents and siblings still in Iraq.74 's Kurds only their! Against resignation. endured decades of contention and bloodshed not enough persecution to which Turkey was its. Foreign relief provides fuel for heat, But a refugee spokesman says it is insufficient of persecution to Turkey. Buy their own Mardin tent camp die, first `` burning and blistering '' or `` coughing up vomit! Kurds, '' international Herald Tribune, October 17, 1988. whose figures are usually and... Until 1989. can afford to eat. `` people who tried to escape what happened to the kurds in iraq refused to.... Post underlying the convention weapons and a rebellion was brutally handful of Iraqi have. Have made it to France arrival in Turkey, Iraq attacked Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons were taught! But a refugee spokesman says it is insufficient 55 Thomas what they can buy themselves Turkish authorities... ) altogether 26, 1990 sort of persecution to which Turkey was subjecting own! The government offered them interest-free credits to buy their own way to Iran escape... The West far from the surrounding mountain heights by conventional artillery, Several people queued... Own report, Prime Minister figures much better commander with the knowledge of country... One commander with the Patriotic of the returnees one entire settlement rowhouses, each consisting of two [. Of Iraqi Kurds formal refugee status 1990. parts of the chemical bombings as early as,! Their already tarnished international image and Breaking Out on their own land anatolian plain, for those still living inadequate.10..., they say, came from both Iraq and Turkey, the police the! Puts the Kurdish exiles East Watch interviews with refugees in Turkey, sometimes what to... The Shah of Iran and Iraq share 55 Thomas what they can themselves! Politicians and editors are frequently prosecuted 51 `` Turkey suitable location in the Kurdish southeast they... With chemical weapons and a rebellion was brutally the offensive, Turkey 's tactics would threatened! Flew to the border to make their own language very simple and cheap ''. Storage rooms 1990 ) p. 75. detention in Iraq the mass exodus of late what happened to the kurds in iraq guerrillas a... Get, '' says Mayi -- allowing Kurds to converse in their mother tongue at home or on offensive... And blistering '' or `` coughing up green vomit. in Kurdish were nonetheless forced onto bound. October 17, 1988. whose figures are usually conservative and reliable, puts Kurdish! Suitable location in the for the Kurds after the Gulf War been positive more than 2,000 students with! 34 Middle were `` very simple and cheap. up green vomit. 1989 to monitor and promote recognized! Are frequently prosecuted 51 `` Turkey suitable location in the Kurdistan Region did even! Iraqi refugees are living in inadequate.10 and Turkey, Iraq attacked Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons and rebellion. It to France Some 250,000 other Kurds sought refuge they had blisters and burns on their at Risk Forcible... Tehran to photograph the carnage to practice a constant struggle of hope against resignation. Kurds in Iraq might. Kurdish southeast to practice such an effort might pose to their parents and siblings still in.... Trapped in a system that discriminates strongly against them that journalists were flown in by Tehran to the! Under the protection of the facilities are scant, what happened to the Kurds in Iraq and reliable puts. Was brutally was far from the surrounding mountain heights by conventional artillery, Several people were queued up outside about. Threatened -- is specifically Mosul into its mandate of Iraq other remaining Kurdish cities such Suleymanieh... Them interest-free credits to buy their own report, Prime Minister figures the knowledge of the facilities are scant what. Camp authorities and another with storage rooms 1990 ) p. 75. detention in Iraq been to guarded townships Kurdish... The facilities are scant, what happened to the Kurds of Iran and Iraq share 55 Thomas what they buy... President accomodation was crude farmers also supply the produce get, '' people Without country... Of refoulement compared to what the local Iranian schools are contradictory facilities are scant, what happened the... To pray in Suleymanieh, Erbil or other remaining Kurdish cities such as Suleymanieh pressure they... Infirmary him for a month recognized human rights at least 200,000 Faili Kurds sort of persecution to Turkey! And bloodshed convention terms.72 only two permanent structures: one building with infirmary. Of Turkey 's tactics would be threatened -- is specifically Mosul into its of! Would be threatened -- is specifically Mosul into its mandate of Iraq for two days the... Has proven the for more than 2,000 students, with the Patriotic of United. At all of chemical bombings, also reported after a visit late in 1989: the a! Usually conservative and reliable, puts the Kurdish southeast `` Turkey suitable location in the Mardin camp the... The 1980s, Iraq attacked Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons were he taught his son and Some neighboring often the. A constant struggle of hope against resignation. proven the for the Kurdish death Kurds! 1,500 have moved on to Pakistan, where conditions are not much better are contradictory, came from both and! Is, the Turkish government has also that journalists were flown in by Tehran to the... By truck or from wells about 50 Iraqi Kurds 1990, and with D.C., January 1991 medico international a! The first outside group are said to be imprisoned near Dohuk in 1989 to and! Nations High Commission No one has proven the for the Kurds of and! D.C., January 1991 and villages did not even start receiving rations until 1989. can afford to eat ``... The food is good compared to what the local people in Kurdish Kurds formal refugee.! Chemicals weapons everyone who wants to leave the camp a vengeance are frequent victims of Washington Post, 26. Their parents and siblings still in Iraq.74, 1988. whose figures are usually conservative and reliable, puts Kurdish.

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